Although measures of hfPWV have previously been used as a clinical or epidemiological cardiovascular monitoring tool ( 17– 22), only two studies have determined its association with the criterion, cfPWV ( 13, 23). The hfPWV approach confers a number of potential advantages over cfPWV: (i) it is simpler to conduct, as the measurement is not dependent on assessment of the carotid artery (ii) the measurement path is consistent with the blood flow path and, (iii) it incorporates the proximal aorta. For, hfPWV, PTT can be calculated as the time between the R wave of an electrocardiogram (ECG) and the foot of the femoral pressure waveform. PWV is calculated by measuring the pulse transit time (PTT) for the arterial waveform to pass between two points of a measured distance. One promising alternative measure of central arterial stiffness that overcomes these limitations is heart-femoral PWV (hfPWV). Finally, cfPWV does not encompass the proximal aorta ( 14, 15), the distensibility of which is a predictor of CVD risk and mortality ( 16). As such it is assumed that the timing of the heart to carotid pressure wave is the same as that from the heart to the descending aorta when calculating cfPWV ( 13). Also, the carotid artery is not consistent with the path of blood flow for the region of interest - the aortic-illiac pathway. This can be technically challenging in certain populations, including persons who are obese and those with advanced carotid artery atherosclerosis ( 11) and this likely limits its clinical use ( 12). However, regardless of the approach, applanation or imaging of the carotid artery is required. Assessments of cfPWV can be performed with accuracy and precision using tonometric ( 5), oscillometric ( 6, 7) or Doppler ultrasound technologies ( 8– 10). Carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV), a measure of aortic stiffness, is the reference standard, being a strong independent predictor of CVD risk in both general ( 2, 3) and patient populations ( 4). Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is the gold standard assessment of arterial stiffness and is widely used in epidemiological research to estimate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk ( 1). hfPWV may be a simple alternative to cfPWV in the identification of cardiovascular risk in clinical and epidemiological settings. Inspection of the Bland-Altman plot, comparing cfPWV and corrected hfPWV, revealed no measurement magnitude bias.ĭiscussion: The current findings indicate that hfPWV and cfPWV are strongly associated, and that change in cfPWV is very strongly associated with change in hfPWV. cfPWV was significantly greater than hfPWV at baseline and during thigh occlusion ( both P < 0.001). Results: There was, (1) strong (ICC > 0.7) agreement between hfPWV and cfPWV (ICC = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.69, 0.90), and, (2) very strong (ICC > 0.9) agreement between change in hfPWV and cfPWV (ICC = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.86, 0.96). Agreement between the two measurements was determined using mixed-effects regression models and Bland-Altman analysis. hfPWV and cfPWV were determined using Doppler ultrasound at baseline and following a mechanical perturbation in arterial stiffness (120 mmHg thigh occlusion). Methods: Twenty young, healthy adults were recruited. Objectives: To determine, (1) the strength of the association between hfPWV and cfPWV and (2) whether change in hfPWV is associated with change in cfPWV when central arterial stiffness is perturbed. A promising alternative that overcomes these limitations is heart-femoral PWV (hfPWV), but it is not known to what extent changes in cfPWV and hfPWV are associated. However, it requires assessment of the carotid artery, which is technically challenging, and subject-level factors, including carotid artery plaque, may confound measurements. 6School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdomīackground: Carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (cfPWV) is the reference standard measure of central arterial stiffness.5Department of Biology, Ave Maria University, Ave Maria, FL, United States.4Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.3Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
![femoral pulse femoral pulse](https://www.ctsnet.org/sites/default/files/graphics/endo/nutsbolts/fem-brach/art3_fig3.jpg)
![femoral pulse femoral pulse](https://d3i71xaburhd42.cloudfront.net/c103c72e7d7cd3bdc35a4e4ba457b8bfa42ed730/4-Figure2-1.png)
1School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom.Meyer 3, Gabriel Zieff 4, Craig Paterson 1, Kathryn Burnet 4, Elizabeth Kelsch 4, Daniel Credeur 5, Danielle Lambrick 6 and Lee Stoner 4
![femoral pulse femoral pulse](https://healthjade.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/femoral-artery-and-deep-artery-of-the-thigh-768x682.jpg)
Keeron Stone 1 *, Simon Fryer 1, James Faulkner 2, Michelle L.